Leszek Kolakowski
Monist doctrines always have trouble with the idea of
negative freedom. It is only with great effort, and at enormous cost, that they
succeed in salvaging it within their constructions; indeed it is doubtful
whether this has ever been achieved without sacrificing coherence. Perfect
solipsism aside (never seriously proposed and existing only in the realm of the
imaginable), the monist project – to interpret all the qualities of existence as
relative to one primordial being – inevitably ends up abolishing the entire
realm of the subjective (understood as an irreducible realm). In this
relativized monist world, subjectivity is always a particular state, arrangement,
manifestation or phenomenon of something else – something that is not
subjective – and can thus be defined entirely in terms of the object.
Belief in freedom as a negative quality of the subject is
the belief that some if not all actions of the self-knowing subject have an
unconditioned beginning: a perfect, ultimate source and spontaneous origin. It
presupposes that when we ask about the reasons for our freely-made decisions, we
will always reach an impassable barrier, a point where our question can go no
further: the ultimate reason of our wanting something is, in the end, simply
our wanting it – just that and no more. I can always ask why I want one thing
rather than another, and sometimes I will be able to find an answer, but each
new answer will be another “because I want . . .” After a number of such
answers, going further and further back, the chain of explanations comes to an
end, and I am left only with “I want this just because this is what I want.”
A subject to which we attribute this ability to evade
determination, to refuse the question concerning the reasons for its own
choices, is one whose every action must be considered as an unconditioned
beginning: a new and unpredictable act of self-creation; a crack, or rather a
kind of self-formed whirlpool, in the great mass of existence. Thus there are
as many absolutes as there are self-conscious subjects capable of choice: at every
point of subjectivity in the universe, the unity of the divine absolute, or of
the absolute of nature, breaks down. When we consider this, we can appreciate the
difficulties with which the scholastics had to grapple in their search a
non-contradictory formula that would reconcile God’s definition as the absolute
and only beginning with freedom of choice – a freedom that determines ex
nihilo but is not itself predetermined. The search is ultimately pointless,
the solutions proposed fragile as porcelain, and the results paltry; but the
huge efforts expended by Christianity, in all its varieties, to avoid the
either/or – the disjunctive choice between divine omnipotence and human freedom
– also have their roots in the monist temptation, present in the doctrine of
creation.
Cartesianism disentangled itself from this predicament
through the epistemological decision expressed in the cogito. The cogito
allows us, in fact compels us, to salvage our own existence – existence as
it is experienced by us; it is the uniquely compelling starting-point of
thinking about existence. As a result, we can more easily endow this
epistemological primacy with ontic meaning. Indeed we cannot avoid doing so: if
we tried – if we considered that what is “given” in the most primary sense is
merely an appearance – then we could not legitimately pass from the appearance
to the reality. But the cognitive absoluteness of a self-directed act of thinking
endows that act with the right to claim absoluteness in the ontic order for
itself as well. Consequently, freedom is not hopelessly entangled in the
shackles of divine Grace as soon as we begin to think about it; its foundations
can be built long before we are even aware of such a thing as divine Grace. We
do not need to rescue it with excuses and evasions. Cartesian freedom, being
negative, knows no restrictions; it is, from the start, simply our inalienable
ability to add our own fiat to that of God. This is something we do with
each act of subjective consciousness, and through each such act we become equal
with our creator. It is a freedom that lies in the power of our self-defined
creativity to choose.

